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About NDT and NDECareers in Nondestructive Testing and EvaluationPhysics of Nondestructive Evaluation
Atomic Elements
  • Basic Structure of Matter
  • Atoms and Elements
  • Subatomic Particles
  • Atom Models
  • Stable and Unstable Atoms
  • Atomic Number and Mass Numbers
  • Elements
  • Electrons
  • The Valence Shell
  • The Free Electron
  • Molecules and Compounds
  • Chemical Formula
  • Isotopes
  • Ionization
Electricity
  • Things That Work with Electricity
  • What is Electricity?
  • Electric Charge and Fields
  • Electrical Current
  • Voltage
  • Resistance
  • Conductors and Insulators
  • Direct Current
  • Alternating Current
  • Induction and Inductance
  • Self-Inductance and Inductive Reactance
  • Mutual Inductance
  • Capacitance and Capacitors
  • Impedance
  • Circuit Diagrams
  • Ohm's Law
  • Series Circuits
  • Parallel Circuits
  • Circuits and Phase
  • Electromagnetism
  • Electrostatic Field
  • Electromagnetic Induction
  • Creating a Transformer
  • Depth of Penetration and Current Density
  • Electricity Unit Summary
Magnetism
  • Introduction to the Mystery of Magnetism
  • Magnetic Behavior
  • The Two Ends of a Magnet
  • Atoms and Magnetism
  • Electron Pairing
  • Magnetic Domains
  • Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, and Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Demagnetization
  • The Hysteresis Loop
  • Permeability
  • Magnetic Lines of Force
  • Creation of Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Field Characteristics
  • Electromagnetic Fields
  • Electricity and Magnetism
  • More on Electricity and Magnetism
  • Quantifying Magnetic Properties
  • Magnetic Field Produced by a Coil
  • Longitudinal Magnetic Fields
  • Circular Magnetic Fields: Distribution and Intensity
  • Measuring Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Electromagnets
  • The Electric Motor and Magnetism
Waves
  • Introduction to Waves
  • Types of Waves
  • Mechanical Wave Characteristics
  • Characteristics of EM Radiation
  • Plane Waves
  • Wave Number and Impedance
  • Attenuation of Waves
  • Wave Interaction or Interference
  • Refraction and Snell's Law
  • Reflection and Transmission Coefficients
  • Mode Conversion
  • Wavelength and Defect Detection
  • Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Sound
  • Introduction to Sound
  • Sound and Vibration
  • Sound Wave Propagation
  • Sound Propagation in Elastic Materials
  • Modes of Sound Wave Propagation
  • The Speed of Sound in Air
  • The Speed of Sound in Other Materials
  • Temperature and the Speed of Sound
  • The Human Ear
  • The Components of Sound
  • Frequency and Pitch
  • The Doppler Effect
  • Acoustic Impedance
  • Sound Wave Interference
  • Refraction of Sound
  • Reflection of Sound
X-Ray
  • Introduction to X-Rays and Gamma Rays
  • Radiographs and Photographs
  • The Discovery of Radioactivity
  • The Discovery of X-Rays
  • The Discovery of Radioactive Elements
  • The Curies
  • Radioactivity and Radioisotopes
  • Radioactive Decay
  • Nuclear Reactions
  • Radioactive Half-Life
  • Radioactive Half-Life (Continued)
  • Carbon-14 Dating
  • X-Ray Generation
  • Nature of Penetrating Radiation
  • X-Radiation
  • Gamma Radiation
  • Activity of Radionuclides
  • Isotope Decay Rate
  • Ionization
  • Newton's Inverse Square Law
  • Interaction Between Penetrating Radiation and Matter
  • Transmitted Intensity and Linear Attenuation Coefficient
  • Half-Value Layer
  • Sources of Attenuation
  • Compton Scattering
  • Geometric Unsharpness
  • Filters in Radiography
  • Secondary (Scatter) Radiation and Undercut Control
  • Radiation Safety
Materials
  • Introduction to Structural Materials
  • General Material Classifications
  • Metals
  • Ceramics
  • Polymers
  • Composites
  • Atomic Bonding
  • Solid State Structure
  • Primary Metallic Crystalline Structures
  • Solidification
  • Anisotropy and Isotropy
  • Crystal Defects
  • Elastic/Plastic Deformation
  • Fatigue Crack Initiation
  • Diffusion
  • Property Modification
  • Ceramic Structures
  • Polymer Structure
  • Composite Structures
  • Physical and Chemical Properties
  • Phase Transformation Temperatures
  • Density
  • Specific Gravity
  • Thermal Conductivity
  • Thermal Expansion
  • Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity
  • Magnetic Permeability
  • Corrosion
  • Mechanical Properties
  • Loading
  • Stress and Strain
  • Tensile Properties
  • Compression, Bearing, and Shear Properties
  • Hardness
  • Creep and Stress Rupture Properties
  • Toughness
  • Impact Toughness
  • Notch Toughness
  • Fracture Toughness
  • Fatigue Properties
  • S-N Fatigue Properties
  • Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Properties
Capillary Action
  • Surface Energy
  • Specific Gravity
  • Viscosity
Nondestructive Evaluation TechniquesNondestructive Evaluation EngineeringGlossary
Physics of Nondestructive Evaluation > Magnetism

Magnetism

While we often think about magnetism on a macroscopic level, it's a property of the atoms that make up the material which are exhibiting magnetism.

  • Introduction to the Mystery of Magnetism
  • Magnetic Behavior
  • The Two Ends of a Magnet
  • Atoms and Magnetism
  • Electron Pairing

Different types of materials react differently to external magnetic fields.

  • Magnetic Domains
  • Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic, and Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Demagnetization

There are a variety of quantities that can be used to describe the behavior of magnetic materials.

  • The Hysteresis Loop and Magnetic Properties
  • Permeability

Magnetic Fields are produced when there is charge in motion.

  • Magnetic Lines of Force
  • Creation of Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Fields
  • Magnetic Field Characteristics
  • Electromagnetic Fields
  • Electricity and Magnetism
  • More on Electricity and Magnetism
  • Quantifying Magnetic Properties
  • Magnetic Field Produced by a Coil
  • Longitudinal Magnetic Fields: Distribution and Intensity
  • Circular Magnetic Fields: Distribution and Intensity
  • Measuring Magnetic Fields

Magnetism has many applications in NDT and in our everyday lives.

  • Magnetization of Ferromagnetic Materials
  • Electromagnets
  • The Electric Motor and Magnetism

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